|
A grammatical figure (figura constructionis) is one that depends
upon some manipulation of specific grammatical elements, or which purposefully
alters normal grammatical conventions for effect. Grammatically based
figures are often simply the purposeful or artistic use of grammatical
vices.
This classification of figures has by no means been universal over time.
The following list is a synthesis.
|
|
Many grammatical figures are syntactical, relying upon some arrangement,
manipulation, or emphasis of syntax. These are in fact grammatical
schemes.
- anacolouthon
A grammatical interruption or lack of implied sequence within a sentence.
- anapodoton
A figure in which a main clause is suggested by the introduction of
a subordinate clause, but that main clause never occurs.
- asyndeton
The omission of conjunctions between clauses, often resulting in a hurried
rhythm or vehement effect.
- polysyndeton
Employing many conjunctions between clauses, often slowing the tempo
or rhythm.
- hyperbaton
An inversion of normal word order.
- zeugma
A general term describing when one part of speech (most often the main
verb, but sometimes a noun) governs two or more other parts of a sentence
(often in a series)
- syllepsis
When a single word that governs or modifies two or more others must
be understood differently with respect to each of those words.
- appositio
Addition of an adjacent, coordinate, explanatory or descriptive element.
Some grammatical figures depend upon some sort of grammatical substitution:
- enallage
The substitution of grammatically different but semantically equivalent
constructions.
- antiptosis
A type of enallage in which one grammatical case is substituted for
another.
Some grammatical figures may in fact be errors or vices (or the
purposeful use of these):
- solecismus
An element of speech or writing that is incorrect grammatically.
- synchysis
The confused arrangement of words in a sentence; hyperbaton or anastrophe
taken to an obscuring extreme, either accidentally or purposefully.
|
